Newer areas of nail surgery, such as laser surgery of the nail, psycho-dermatology of the nail, and the role of primary care physicians in simple nail surgery are also examined. Other topics are surgical management of ingrown nails and onychomycosis. The controversy regarding more or less conservative management of melanonychia striata is addressed, and the need for early diagnosis of subungual melanoma is emphasized. Appropriate removal of tumours and cysts is considered, with special attention to the management of malignant lesions. with a sterilized scalpel, and a scraping from the interior of the fox-snout. The reconstruction of injuries and congenital defects involving the nail is explained, and the role of the hand surgeon clarified. Chemical tests that were run on a number of pre-Columbian mummies from. Topics that are treated include the general principles of nail surgery, including epidemiologic issues, studies of nail anatomy, instrumentation, and anesthesia. In this article recent developments in nail surgery are discussed. Several excellent reviews have been published in recent years that detail the techniques of nail surgery for both the novice and the experienced practitioner. Nail surgery can be performed in an office-based dermatology practice with a limited amount of specialized equipment and training. We will shed light on the development and manufacture of medical instruments and appliances in Imperial Russia, an underdeveloped subject in the world medical history. If correctly designed, medical instruments and devices increase safety for the patient. They understood that strong cooperation between a physician and a designer is essential to create and produce useful medical instruments. During the reign of Tsar Aleksander I and his brother Nicholas I, the merger came together and was further developed. Catherine the Great started to merge the two tracks. Also in Saint Petersburg Peter built the first factory for "mass" production to provide the military with medical instruments.His successors followed his two-track policy. In Saint Pe tersburg, he opened a navy and an army hospital, intended to train students as a barber-surgeon for the army and navy. ![]() Peter established a medico-surgical hospital school in Moscow to prepare the students to become doctor medicinae and learn to make their own medical instruments along the line of the Leiden medical school. One for immediate application in the current practice and one for the development of specialists in collaboration with science. When you consider that most household razor blades are 300-600. At 30 angstroms - a unit of measurement equal to one hundred millionth of a centimeter - an obsidian scalpel can rival diamond in the fineness of its edge. The two Grand Embassies to Europe and his view on the world helped Peter the Great to start reforms.Already as a child, he had abroad interest in medicine. Obsidian - a type of volcanic glass - can produce cutting edges many times finer than even the best steel scalpels.
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